The revival of Jazz in South Africa Essay Example For Students

The revival of Jazz in South Africa Essay Jazz is once again back on its feet in South Africa. After many years of cultural oppression due to Apartheid, jazz is slowly but surely finding its way back to popularity in South Africa. However, the road to reconstruction is apparently not a smooth one, as many jazz musicians and the entire jazz community are still running into problems in South Africa. Despite this, the progress that has already been made is incredible and the future of jazz in this region has reached a new level of optimism. In the 1920s there was an organist from the Eastern Cape called Boet Gashe who made his money, much like the early jazz musicians in America, by playing at wild parties in Johannesburgs black ghettoes where the mothers charged three-pence at the door and sold moonshine to keep their families alive.(BEBEY-23)Todd Matshikiza, legendary composer and music critic f described these events: The hostess hunched next to a four-gallon tin of beer in the corner. She sold jam tins at sixpence a gulp. Gashe was bent over his organ in one OCONNOR-2corner, thumping the rhythm from the pedal with his feet, which were also feeding the organ with air, choking the organ with persistent chords in the right hand and improvising an effective melody with the left. He would call for the aid of a matchstick to hold down a harmonic note. You get a delirious effect of perpetual motion perpetual motion in a musty hole where men made friends without restraint. (BEBEY-64)This was marabi music, a foundation elem ent of South African jazz and an indigenous product of the urban ghettoes that were a feature of South African cities for much of this century.(KEBEDE-40) Its distinctive rhythms, designed to bring some consolation and dignity to otherwise drab and oppressive working class districts, can still be heard in the music of jazz men and women who have today become giants in their field: Hugh Masekela, Abhudulla Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba and many others.(KEBEDE-47) Many of these famous jazz artists have recentlyreturned from decades of exile. The repressive regulations that drove them away in the apartheid era have been abolished and broadcasting and recording opportunities areopen to all.(GOFFIN-187) But for South African jazz musicians, all this has been a mixed blessing: the musical OCONNOR-3free market is a harsh place for an industry still recovering from the damage inflicted by apartheid.(GOFFIN-188) The story of South African jazz is the story of the nation. The road to reconstruction is a rocky one. We will write a custom essay on The revival of Jazz in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now South Africa is one of the few countries outside the USA where jazz has been a genuinely popular music. Its roots are in the marabi styles that adapted rural rhythms to urban conditions in the first half of the twentieth century.(NEKETIA-94)According to veteran bandleader Ntemi Piliso: Marabi was sung by a solo voice over an instrumental accompaniment maybe an organ, an accordion, later on a guitar. Then some fellow might fill a condensed milk tin with stones for a rattle, maybe improvise a drum kit and the music would go on all night. Marabi uses a three-chord, two- or four-bar sequence. I suppose you could say the progression was limited, even monotonous. But its the monotony that holds the listeners. You vary the theme and improvise around it, rather than changing the chord sequence.(GOFFIN-112) Legendary bandleader Zuluboy Cele introduced modern instrumentation to the style.(GERARD-59) Later players, like popular bandleader Zakes Nkosi, blended in idioms from American jazz, espec ially the swing music of the big-band OCONNOR-4era. Later still, the improvisational adventures of bebop were also drawn in.(GERARD-61) But the chord progressions and improvisational style of marabi, together with excursions into the hexatonic mode of African choral singing continued to flavor the fusion and can still be heard in South African jazz today.(KEBEDE-133) From its birth, it was dangerous music. It was performed at unregulated gatherings and drinking spots, rather than in the government-licensed and rigidly-controlled beer halls. Its practitioners were often classified as vagrants, under constant threat of expulsion from the cities.(NEKETIA-82) But in the 1960s and 1970s the recording companies and state broadcasting corporation brought pressure on artists to record short pop tracks, with musical styles and lyrics conforming to SABC standards of tribal purity. The musicians dubbed it mbaqanga, a derogatory term meaning something like instant porridge now used broadly for popular dance and jazz music.(BEBEY-97) Yet jazz solos managed to sneak their way in. The lyrics from this time have been described as the best poetry coming out of South Africa Transom they plunged OCONNOR-5into any aspect of our life; they spoke of bus boycotts, of abandoned love affairs; they spoke of the hideous pass system, of our exile in sanctuaries outside South AfricaThey were even bold enough to speak of revolution and be banned.(KEBEDE-117) Performers were often paid only a few pounds which gave the recording company full rights to their music in perpetuity. And, says jazz trumpeter Dennis Mpale, Many venues were closed to us (if we were) a racially mixed band, and there was often a scramble to get a show finished before midnight, because without a night pass black musicians could be arrested for being in the city after that time.(GOFFIN-147) Township events and venues dwindled. Many jazz artists responded to these pressures by leaving the country. Hugh Masekela, Jonas G wangwa and Miriam Makeba were able to leave when the jazz musical King Kong took them overseas. These artists went on to make a name for themselves and for South Africa jazz overseas: Masekela in New York and Makeba in West Africa.(GOFFIN-189) By the late 1970s and early 1980s, a new generation of performers was emerging, mellowing the established South African jazz style and pervasive African traditional OCONNOR-6influences with the kind of jazz-rock fusion being played overseas by bands like Weather Report and Earth, Wind and Fire.(GERARD-73) The one remembered most nostalgically is Sakhile, whose members have now gone their separate ways, but whose compositions such as Isililo/Soweto Blues have an almost anthemic quality for the generation of 1976.(GERARD-74) An important strand was added to the music mix in the Western Cape: the modulations of the South Asian music inherited by the Islamic Malay community.(BEBEY-151) As a seaport, Cape Town was also open to broader musical influ ences, including Latin sounds and the rhythms of the rest of Africa. Bands like Oswietie and Pacific Express featuring hornmen such as Ngozi; the Ngcukana brothers, Basil Mannenberg Coetzee and Robbie Jansen drew from these eclectic roots to create a style instantly recognizable as Capejazz.(BEBEY-153) There have been success stories in the 90s.Recognition at home as well as abroad is at last coming to Masekela, Gwangwa, Ibrahim and their generation. Younger bands such as Bayete, which started its life on the jazz scene in the 1980s, are gaining growing status on the World Music circuits.(GOFFIN-166) Jazz is forming a recognized part of OCONNOR-7music education curriculem, although township schools are only slowly getting the resources they need to efficiently teach jazz. Performance spaces remain concentrated in the city centers. However, due the violence of the late 1980s and early 1990s many city-dwelling patrons still find fear of crime a disincentive to club-going. While jazz-l overs in the townships lack the safe transportation and the money needed for regular, evening trips to town.(GERARD-121) All this makes for hard times for jazz club-owners and musicians. And it means there is no neighborhood scene where young jazz players can pay their dues and develop their style before moving on to bigger venues. .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .postImageUrl , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:visited , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:active { border:0!important; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:active , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brians Search For The Meaning Of Life In W.o. Mitc EssayThe free market has also allowed a tidal wave of imported music to engulf local sounds on radio waves and record store shelves. Not that this stops the players. The new generation, like their predecessors, are creating potent mixes of South African heritage and world jazz trends.(GERARD-127) Reedman Zim Ngqawana draws on folk roots, from the migrant mineworkers harmonica to Asian flute sounds. Pianist Moses Molelekwa plays wistful marabi piano, but also works with DJs for excursions into drum n bass.(GERARD-129) Producers/players Sean Fourie and Vee OCONNOR-8Ferlito are busy drawing on the talents of some veteran jazz men to create highly danceable acid jazz mixes for the club scene.(GERARD-130) Yet South African commercial companies seem more drawn to the rediscovery of the old. Bands resurrecting marabi styles, like the African Jazz Pioneers and the Elite Swingsters, are enthusiastically promoted; talented young players of the penny-whistle, are discovered and recorded.(GERARD-138) Nltemi Piliso, leader of the African Jazz Pioneers, says,Its wonderful that white audiences here are discovering our music. Its gratifying to get recognition for it at last. But for most black people, its just nostalgia. And jazz cant survive by riding on nostalgia; the music has to keep on growing.(GERARD-139) BibliographyBebey , Francis. African Music : A Peoples Art. Simon ; Schuster Publishing. New York , 1991. Gerard , Charley. Jazz In Black and White. Praeger Publishers, Wesport, C.T 1998Goffin , Robert. Jazz : From the Congo to the Metropolitan. DA Capo Press, New York.,1975. Kebede , Ashenafi. Roots of Black Music. Little, Brown ; Company, New York, 1988. Neketia , J.H. Kwabena. The Music of Africa. W.W. Norton Company, New York. 1974.

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Essay Example

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Essay Example The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Paper The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay Paper In general, negotiation mean dickering procedure between two or more parties seeking to detect a common land and make an understanding to settle a affair of common concern or decide a struggle ( Business Dictionary.com ) . Harmonizing to Fisher A ; Ury in their book Geting to YES: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In, negotiating is a basic ways in acquiring what you want from other peoples ( 1981 ) . While in Oxford Dictionary, dialogue average treatment aimed at making an understanding. In Women Are Geting Even ( WAGE ) web site, they interpret dialogue as conversation between two parties in order to do an exchange. Harmonizing to Rusk ( 2006 ) , the significance of dialogue is treatment intended to bring forth an understanding . It besides can be mentioning as common solutions that used to do a determinations and settle down the jobs ( Moore, 2012 ) , a procedure which is two or more parties attempt to hold on the rate of goods and services that they exchange ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Conflict and dialogue are a fact of mundane work-life, yet it frequently produces anxiousness ( Cutts, 2012 ) . The UK Border Agency has announced that there are still proficient jobs with on-line booking service ( Kelly, 2012 ) . This statement shows that sometimes online engagement faced a job such as lost record ( Kirschbaum, 2009 ) , security issues ( Fane, 2010 ) and proficient issues ( Scoot, 2012 ) . There are jobs that faced by client when they used online engagement system. Despite the fact that all the respondents ( except for one ) usage computing machines about every twenty-four hours, 14 % believe that booking online is non procuring in general ( Bogdanovych et al, 2006 ) . Conflict happen because of these jobs. Conflict happen when people did non hold with the issue, it will make a clash or tenseness between that person or groups ( Nahavandi, 1999 ) . Negotion is a procedure that analyzing the facts of state of affairs, exposing the involvement of both parties involver and bargaining to work out the struggle every bit many as possible ( Moore, 2012 ) . Negotiation permeates the i nteraction of about everybody in the organisation ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Lucas ( 2008 ) , struggle might happen because of differing perceptual experience, inadequate or hapless communicating and besides contrary outlooks. These jobs frequently happen when covering with client particularly in travel bureau. In touristry industry dialogue is an of import procedure to derive a common understanding of something, particularly to go bureaus. It is important for them to corroborate what their client wants and demand. Through dialogue struggle between travel bureau and client can be reduced. Negociating through countries of struggle can frequently take to win-win state of affairss agreeable to parties, cut downing sick felling and struggle ( Queensland Government, 2011 ) . Travel agents have the dialogue power because they have maximal pick to offer to their clients ( Travel Cafe Inc 2011 ) . This means they have assortment of picks that they can acquire from their t ravel providers and they can give us the best trade with best value of possible. Online booking deficiency of firsthand cognition and seldom gives client chance to talk with person knowing about service that they are booking ( Morelock, 2012 ) . The clients and travel agents can help us to acquire what we want in our holiday. Online booking allow client to do all travel programs on the cyberspace means they can make it any clip of the twenty-four hours or dark at place or while they re on their tiffin interruption at the office ( Oakley, 2012 ) . It is true when we are making booking online we can do a engagement everyplace and anytime but we can non negociate the monetary value of the touristry merchandise that we wish to book. If we are negociating with travel agents, we have the opportunity to acquire lower monetary values as possible. Price dialogue normally occurs during buying of stuffs or supplies ( Francois, 2012 ) . For illustration, if a travel bundle to Cameron Highlands costs about RM300 for two darks, the clients can negociate the monetary value lower and can acquire around RM250. With dialogues, both parties will have their ain benefits and it is a win-win state of affairs ( Rusk, 2006 ) . When client asks an agent to negociate, means client are basically inquiring the agent to subsidise the ir holiday ( Brock, 2009 ) but through on-line system, client had no alteration to negociate with an agent because the monetary value is fixed. The Marriott International, Hilton Hotels, Sheraton Hotels A ; Resorts and others was charged in San Francisco Federal Court on charges conspired to utilize their market laterality to repair the hotel monetary values with travel web sites like Travelocity, Booking.com and Expedia, a subordinate of Priceline.com From this instance we can see that client can non negociate the monetary value because the monetary value is fixed. The purpose of the dialogues is to make up ones mind the monetary value that is acceptable for both parties ( Francois, 2012 ) From monetary value dialogue procedure it becomes dickering procedure. Negotiations normally follow a procedure of positional bargaining ( Cutts, 2012 ) . Oxford Online Dictionary give two reading of bargaining, the first is an understanding between two or more people or groups as to what each will make for the other. The 2nd is a thing bought or offered for sale much more stingily than usual or expected. There are two types of dialogue which are distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining ( Robbins A ; Judge, 2003 ) . Distributive bargaining besides called claiming value, zero-sum or win-lose bargaining is a competitory scheme that is used to make up ones mind how to administer a fixed resource such as money ( Spangler, 2003 ) . Honeyman ( 2012 ) , interpret intergrative bargaining as one of platform which party attempt to understand involvements of another party, on the outlook that it will assisting the opposition to make solution as antiphonal its ain concerns. Harmoniz ing to Tewart ( 2012 ) , many times people say they do nt wish to negociate ( dickering ) yet, they still shop about and neer pay full monetary value. The word bargaining here does non merely average monetary value dialogue, it is a much differentiated and broader term ( Management Study Guide, 2012 ) . Customer besides can dicker to construct his or her ain trip with or without aid from a client attention executive ( Agarwal, 2012 ) , inquiring whether travel bureau offer travel insurance ( trip Travel Responsibility Informed A ; Protected, 2012 ) and a client can seek damages under certain fortunes normally referred as the right to mend, replacing or refund ( Government of South Australia, 2011 ) . These are things that client can dicker with travel bureaus. The freedom of client is restricted when they make booking through online. Customer can non corroborate their specific demand when make the online engagement through the hotel reserve system ( Vyas, 2010 ) . For illustration, when they make booking through hotel reserve system, if they have something that they do nt understand, no topographic point for them to raise the inquiries. Harmonizing to Lloyd, booking online does nt hold single to cover with booking procedure, it leaf to client to read and understand the complicated footings and conditions. One of the advantages of booking direct with the hotel, by phone or electronic mail, is that client can bespeak a specific room of the hotel and they can non usually do that online or with an agent ( Trend, 2010 ) Harmonizing to Tewart ( 2012 ) , most people act in their best involvement and most people who say they do nt wish negociating, really still desire to. This statement show that clients still love to negociate and online engagement system prevent them from making it. Negotiation is needed in order to procure the resources required for successful undertaking completion ( Evans A ; Lindsay, 2008 ) . Through negociating win-win solutions with clients it will non merely give your company the best opportunity to win but will besides make relation between client and your company for future gross revenues chances ( Douglas, 2003 ) . Negotiation besides can increase lucidity about the job, can take to advanced discoveries and new attacks, engagement in struggle can sharpen attacks to bargaining, act uponing, viing and besides can concentrate more attending on basic issues and lead to solution ( Wertheim,1996 ) Vyas, J. ( 2010, August 10 ) .A Disadvantages of booking online on travel portals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Disadvantages-of-Booking-Online-on-Travel-Portals A ; id=4832401 [ Web log message ] . ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wageproject.org/files/neg.php Queensland Government, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. ( 2011 ) .Negotiation accomplishments. Retrieved from web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skills.business.qld.gov.au/running/1172.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/negotiation.html Oakley, R. ( n.d. ) .A The advantages of on-line reserves. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //traveltips.usatoday.com/advantages-online-reservations-63078.html Lucas, R. W. ( n.d. ) .A Reacting to conflict with clients. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Responding_to_Conflict_with_Customers.html Lloyd, M. G. ( n.d. ) .A Advantages and disadvantages of an online engagement system read more: Advantages and disadvantages of an online engagement system | ehow.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/info_8780323_advantages-disadvantages-online-booking-system.html Johanson, M. ( 2012, August 21 ) .A Travel web sites, hotels accused of price-fixing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ibtimes.com/travel-websites-hotels-accused-price-fixing-751937 Brock, C. ( 2009, July 13 ) .A Negociating rates and menus with travel agents. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Negotiating-Rates-and-Fares-With-Travel-Agents A ; id=2603163 Tewart, M. ( n.d. ) .A Peoples still love to negociate. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.expressyourselftosuccess.com/people-still-love-to-negotiate/ Trend, N. ( 2010, February 11 ) .http: //www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/nicktrend/7213438/hotel-booking-should-you-use-an-online-agent-or-go- Dickering power of clients. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.managementstudyguide.com/bargaining-power-of-customers.htm Top inquiries to inquire your travel agent. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //trip.ustia.org/safety/articles/1233/top-questions-to-ask-your-travel-agent/ Government of South Australia, Business, Industry and Trade Department. ( 2011 ) .A Refunds to clients. Retrieved from web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sa.gov.au/subject/Business, industry and trade/Starting and pull offing a business/Running a business/Selling to customers/Sales patterns in your business/Refunds to clients Cutts, R. N. ( n.d. ) . Using principled dialogue to decide workplace issues.A Conflict Management, 3. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //nl.walterkaitz.org/RNicoleCutts_PrincipledNegotiation.pdf Spangler, B. ( 2003, June ) .A Distributive bargaining. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/distributive-bargaining Spangler, B. ( 2003, June ) .A Integrative or interest-based bargaining. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/interest-based-bargaining AGARWAL, S. ( 2012, October 08 ) . Want to do your ain travel path? here are few portals that will assist you.A The Economic Times. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news/34322860_1_travel-agents-travel-itinerary-travel-hotspot Francois, C. ( 2012 ) .A What is monetary value dialogue? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-negotiation.htm A Nahavandi, A. A ; Malekzadeh, A.R. ( 1999 ) .A Organizational Behavior: The Person-Organization Fit ( ch. 13 ) .A Upper Sandle Ridge, NJ: Prentice Hall.